CTET Social Science – History Notes

CTET Social Science – History Notes In Hindi

National Movement of India 1905 to 1950

The Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress Formed in 1885 by O. Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.
First session in Bombay under W. C. Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).
In the first two decades ( 1885 -1905 ), quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity.
But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Ba1Gangadhar Tilak and La la Lajpat Rai ( Lal, Bal, Pal ).

Partition of Bengal

By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.

Swadeshi Movement (1905)

Lal, Bat, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by K.Gokhale. Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.

Formation of Muslim League (1906)

Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsinul M u l k .
It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.

Demand for Swaraj

In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraf (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people, Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):
The INC split into two groups The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. Extremists were led by BaI, Pal, LaI while the moderates by K. Gokhale.

Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909)

Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims_
Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government’s side.

Ghadar Party (1916)

Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.
HQ was at San Francisco.

Home Rule Movement (1916)

Stared by B . G Tilak ( April, 1916 ) at Poona and Annie Besant and Subramania lyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
Objective : Self government for India in the British
Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education vernacular language. He gave the slogan : Swaraj is my birth right and will have

Lucknow Pact (1916 )

Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among
Both INC and Muslim League concluded this ( Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the country ).

August Declaration (1917)

After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire. This came to be called the august Declaration.

Rowlatt Act ( March 18, 1919 )

This gave unbridled powers to the govt. To arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years
This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus. which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
Caused a wave of anger in all sections . It was the first country – wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the non Cooperation Movement.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919 )

People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919,
General O’Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar,
As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands
Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest,. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council. after this.
Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it,
On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udhan Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.

Khilafat Movement (1920)

Muslinas were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.
Two brothers, Mohd. Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.

Non-cooperation Movement (1920)

It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.
Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept

Chauri ‘Chaura Incident (1922)

A mob of people at Chauri Chaura ( near Gorakhpur ) Clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922.
This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation Movement on Feb. 12, 1922.

Simon Commission (1927)

Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
Indian Leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition..
At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He succumbed to his injuries on Oct 30, 1928.

Lahore Session (1929)

On Dec, 19, 1929 under the President ship of L. Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj ( Complete independence ) as its ultimate goal.
On Dec. 31, 1929, the newly adopted tricolour flag was unfurled and an 26, 1930 was fixed as the First independence Day, was. to be celebrated every year.

Revolutionary Activities

The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Rand, President of the Plague Commission, but Lt. Ayerst was accidentally shot.
In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama. a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khud’iraria, Kanhaiyalal Dim and Satyendranath Bose were hanged (Alipur Case).
In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col. William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of India Office in London.
In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at Delhi (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revotutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association /Army (HSRA).
They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur – Lucknow railway line on 9, 1925
Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders ( Asst. S. P. Of Lahore, who ordered Iathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai ) on Dec. 17, 1928.
Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he Raj guru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23, 1931 at Lahore jail (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.
In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in
Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masthrminded the raid on Chittagong armoury He was hanged in 1933.
In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park ill Allahabad.

First Round Table conference (1930)

It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on Nov. 12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.

Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931)

Moderate Statesman, Sapru, laikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government.
The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji ) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.
In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second round table c
The government On its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.

Second Round Table Conference (1931)

Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to me British P. M. Ramsay Macdonald.
However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo

The Communal Award ( Aug 16, 1932 )

Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes.
Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.

Poona Pact (September 25, 1932)

After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting look place almost everywhere.
Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B. R. Ambedkar and M. Rajah became active. Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gadhiji broke his that on the day sixth day ( Sept 25,1932).
In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.

Third Round Table Conference (1932)

Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.

Demand For Pakistan

In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation..
Chaudhary Rehrnat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.

The Cripps Mission (1942 )

In Dec, 1941, Japan entered the World War Il and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
The British govt. With a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.
termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.

The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement

Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.
The resolution was passed on Aug. 8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’
On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested_
The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country,
The movement was however crushed.

The Indian National Army^.

Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
C. Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin.
In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him
The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S . E . Asia
Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).
INA had di ree fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.

The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)

The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945 —
The new Labour Party PM. Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, it Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander) will visit. India.
The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposal.
On May 16, 1946_, the mission put towards its proposals.
It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British ‘India and the Princely States was suggested.
Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it

Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946)

Based on Cabinet Mission Plan. an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept. 2, 1946.
L. Nehru was its Vice President and the Governor General remained as its President.

Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946 )

Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946.
It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946).
It resulted in heavy communa] riots. Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.

Formation of Constituent Assembly ( Dec 9 ,1946 )

The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its president.

Mountbatten Plan ( June 3, 1947 )

On June 3., 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India’s political problem.
The outlines of the Plan were: India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would be held.
There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.
The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain
15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
The British govt. Passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.

Partition and Independence (Aug 19471)

All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.
At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard.
By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession.
Goa was with the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the French.

Socio Cultural Uprising

Brahmo Samaj

Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828.
Criticized Sati Pralha, easteism and advocated widow remaniage.
He was opposed so Sanskrit system of education, because he thought it would keep the country in
Other hportant leaders were Devendranath Tagore ( father of Rabindrath Tagore) and Keshap Chandra Sen.

Arva Samaj

Founded by Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar) in 1875.
His motto was “Go back to the vedas’ & ‘India for the Indians’ He disregarded Puranas, idol worship, casteism and untouchability.
He advocated widow remarriage .Dayanand’s views were published in his famous work, Satyarth
He also wrote Veda Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya.

Ramakrishna Mission

Founded by Vivekanand ( earlier, Narendranath Dutta ) (1863 — 1902) in 1897 , 11 years after the death of his guru Ram Krishna Paramhans.
Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion at Chicago in 1893.
Irish woman Margaret Nobel ( Known as sister Nivedita ) popularized it.

Young Bengal Movement

Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809 — 31 ).
He was a teacher in Hindu College in Calcutta.
He urged the students to live and die for truth.
He also supported women’s education and their rights.

Veda Samaj

Veda Samaj called Brahmo Samaj of South.
Started by Sridharalu Nadu.
He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Tamil and Telegu.

Dharma Sabha

Initiated by Radhakant Deb in 1830.
Was opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy, but played an active role in promoting western education even to girls.

Lokahitawadi

Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh.
Advocated western education and a rational outlook.
He advocated female education for the upliftment of women.
As a votary of national self-reliance, he attended Delhi Darbar in 1876, wearing handspun khadi cloth.

Servants of India Society

Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915.
It did notable work in providing famine relief and in improving the condition of the tribal.

Radhaswami Movement

Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly Known as Shiv Dayal Saheb or Swami
The sect preached belief in one supreme being, the Guru’s supreme position and a simple social life for believers (the Satsangis ).

Theosophical Society

Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture.
Madam H P Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in US in 1875, Later Col. MS Olcott of the US Army joined her.
In 1882, it was shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu),
Annie Besant was elected its president in 1907. She founded the Central Hindu College in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.

Buddhism

The Buddha also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagate Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in Nepal.
His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler.
His mother ( Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry ) died after 7 days of his birth.
Brought up by stepmother Gautami.
Married at 16 to Yoshodhara.
Enjoyed the married life for 13 years and had a son named Rahula.
After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a wanderer.
Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called ^‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.
Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha ( Bihar ) under the Pipal tree.
Delivered the first sermon at Samath where his five disciples had settled.
His first sermon is called ‘Tharmachakrapracartan’ or ‘Fuming of the Wheel of Law’
Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar ( identical with village Kasia in Deoria district of UP ) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.

Buddhist Councils

First Council – At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa ( king was Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas-Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka.

Second Council – At Vaishali, hi 383 BC under Sabakami ( King was Kalasoka ). Followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahsanghikas.

Third Council – At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa ( King was Ashoka ) In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.

Fourth council – At Kashmir ( Kundalvan ), in 72 AD under Vasumitra ( King was Kanishka, Vice Chairman was Ashwaghosha ). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana and Hinayana sects.

Buddhist Literature

Buddist Literature – In Pali language.

Vinaya Ptak, – Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries.

Sutta Pitaka – Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons.

Abhidhamma Pitaka – Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion

Jainism

Jainism founded by Rishabha.
There were 24 Tirthankaraz ( Prophets or Gurus ), all Kshatriyas.
First was Rishabhnath (Emblem: Bully).
The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of Banaras.
The 24th and the last Trithankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion).
He was born in kundagram (Dist, muzaffarpur, Biha) in 599 BC.
His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan.
His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi Prince Chetak of Vaishali.
Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.
Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple
At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.
In the 13th year of his asceticism ( on He 10th of Vaishakha ), outside the town of Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).
From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira and his followers were named Jains.
He also got the title of Arihant, i.e.. worthy
At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.
Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more, Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.

Principles of Jainism

Ahimso ( Non-violence ) – to cause no harm to living beings.

Satya ( Truthfulness ) – to always speak We truth in a harmless manner.

Achaurya ( Non-stealing ) – not to take anything that is not willingly given.

Brahmacharya ( Celibacy ) – to control the senses including mind from indulgence.

Aparigraha (Non – Possession, Non- Materialism ) :- to detach from people , places and material things.